EAZA Husbandry Guidelines for Callitrichidae – 2nd Edition – 2010 3 Editor Eric Bairrão Ruivo Beauval Zoo 41110 Saint Aignan sur Cher France. Lemur - Wikipedia. Lemurs ( ( listen)LEE- m. The word lemur derives from the word lemures (ghosts or spirits) from Roman mythology and was first used to describe a slender loris due to its nocturnal habits and slow pace, but was later applied to the primates on Madagascar. As with other strepsirrhine primates, such as lorises, pottos, and galagos (bush babies), lemurs share resemblance with basal primates. In this regard, lemurs are often confused with ancestral primates, when in actuality, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes, but evolved independently. Due to Madagascar's highly seasonal climate, lemur evolution has produced a level of species diversity rivaling that of any other primate group. Until shortly after humans arrived on the island around 2,0. Today, there are nearly 1. Even the higher- level taxonomy is disputed, with some experts preferring to place most lemurs within the infraorder. Lemuriformes, while others prefer Lemuriformes to contain all living strepsirrhines, placing all lemurs in the superfamily. Lemuroidea and all lorises and galagos in the superfamily Lorisoidea. However, their brain- to- body size ratio is smaller than that of anthropoid primates, and among many other traits they share with other strepsirrhine primates, they have a . Lemurs are generally the most social of the strepsirrhine primates and communicate more with scents and vocalizations than with visual signals. Durrell is an international charity with a mission of "saving species from extinction", especially those animal species that are under-threat and overlooked. Check out our awesome range of animal facts for kids and learn some fun trivia about our friends in the animal kingdom. Fun Chameleon Facts for Kids. When a Southern Three-banded Armadillo pup was born at Poland’s Zoo Wroclaw one morning in May, zoo keepers kept a close eye on how the mother, Hermiona, interacted. The two subspecies of western gorilla differ markedly in their range and abundance. The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) is the most restricted of the. Western lowland gorilla; Male silverback: Female and juvenile at the Cincinnati Zoo. Did you know Tasmanian devils eat entire carcasses, including fur and bones? Learn more Tasmanian devil facts at Animal Fact Guide! Latest environmental news, features and updates. Pictures, video and more. A sample of lemur diversity; 8 of 15 biological genera are depicted (from top, left to right): Lemur, Propithecus, Daubentonia, Arkive - the ultimate multimedia guide to the world's endangered species. Includes endangered species videos, photos, facts & education resources. Many lemur adaptations are in response to Madagascar's highly seasonal environment. Lemurs have relatively low basal metabolic rates and may exhibit seasonal breeding, dormancy (such as hibernation or torpor), or female social dominance. Most eat a wide variety of fruits and leaves, while some are specialists. Although many share similar diets, different species of lemur share the same forests by differentiating niches. Lemur research during the 1. Although field observations trickled in from early explorers, modern studies of lemur ecology and behavior did not begin in earnest until the 1. Initially hindered by political instability and turmoil on Madagascar during the mid- 1. Research facilities like the Duke Lemur Center have provided research opportunities under more controlled settings. Lemurs are important for research because their mix of ancestral characteristics and traits shared with anthropoid primates can yield insights on primate and human evolution. However, many lemur species are threatened with extinction due to habitat loss and hunting. Although local traditions generally help protect lemurs and their forests, illegal logging, widespread poverty, and political instability hinder and undermine conservation efforts. Because of these threats and their declining numbers, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) considers lemurs to be the world's most endangered mammals, noting that—as of 2. Etymology. Carl Linnaeus, the founder of modern binomial nomenclature, gave lemurs their name as early as 1. Systema Naturae. He included three species under the genus Lemur: Lemur tardigradus (the red slender loris, now known as Loris tardigradus), Lemur catta (the ring- tailed lemur), and Lemur volans (the Philippine colugo, now known as Cynocephalus volans). Lemures dixi hos, quod noctu imprimis obambulant, hominibus quodanmodo similes, & lento passu vagantur. The name derives from the Latin term lemures, which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome. However, Dunkel et al. Like other strepsirrhine primates, such as lorises, pottos, and galagos, they share ancestral (or plesiomorphic) traits with early primates. In this regard, lemurs are popularly confused with ancestral primates; however, lemurs did not give rise to monkeys and apes (simians). Instead, they evolved independently in isolation on Madagascar. A more recent hypothesis is that lemurs descended from lorisoids (loris- like) primates. This is supported by comparative studies of the cytochrome b gene and the presence of the strepsirrhine toothcomb in both groups. Instead of being the direct ancestors of lemurs, the adapiforms may have given rise to both the lemurs and lorisoids, a split that would be supported by molecular phylogenetic studies. The later split between lemurs and lorises is thought to have occurred approximately 6. Since ancestral lemurs are thought to have originated in Africa around 6. Mozambique Channel, a deep channel between Africa and Madagascar with a minimum width of about 5. In 1. 91. 5, paleontologist. William Diller Matthew noted that the mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar (including lemurs) can only be accounted for by random rafting events, where very small populations rafted from nearby Africa on tangled mats of vegetation, which get flushed out to sea from major rivers. In the 1. 94. 0s, American paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson coined the term . The ocean currents were shown to be even stronger than today, which would have pushed a raft along faster, shortening the trip to 3. As the continental plates drifted northward, the currents gradually changed, and by 2. Malagasy fauna from mainland Africa. They were also spared from having to compete with monkeys, which evolved later. The intelligence, aggression, and deceptiveness of monkeys gave them an advantage over other primates in exploiting the environment. Distribution and diversity. Lemurs have adapted to fill many open ecological niches since making their way to Madagascar. Their diversity in both behavior and morphology (outward appearance) rivals that of the monkeys and apes found elsewhere in the world. Ranging in size from the 3. Madame Berthe's mouse lemur, the world's smallest primate, to the recently extinct 1. Archaeoindris fontoynonti, lemurs evolved diverse forms of locomotion, varying levels of social complexity, and unique adaptations to the local climate. Lemurs lack any shared traits that make them stand out from all other primates. These traits can include seasonal fat storage, hypometabolism (including torpor and hibernation), small group sizes, low encephalization (relative brain size), cathemerality (activity both day and night), and strict breeding seasons. Extreme resource limitations and seasonal breeding are also thought to have given rise to three other relatively common lemur traits: female social dominance, sexual monomorphism, and male–male competition for mates involving low levels of agonism, such as sperm competition. However, early settlers quickly converted the forests to rice paddies and grassland through slash- and- burn agriculture (known locally as tavy), restricting lemurs to approximately 1. Today, the diversity and complexity of lemur communities increases with floral diversity and precipitation and is highest in the rainforests of the east coast, where precipitation and floral diversity are also at their highest. Despite their adaptations for weathering extreme adversity, habitat destruction and hunting have resulted in lemur populations declining sharply, and their diversity has diminished, with the recent extinction of at least 1. Most of the approximately 1. Unless trends change, extinctions are likely to continue. Until recently, giant lemurs existed on Madagascar. Now represented only by recent or subfossil remains, they were modern forms that were once part of the rich lemur diversity that has evolved in isolation. Some of their adaptations were unlike those seen in their living relatives. All 1. 7 extinct lemurs were larger than the extant (living) forms, some weighing as much as 2. Not only were they unlike the living lemurs in both size and appearance, they also filled ecological niches that either no longer exist or are now left unoccupied. Large parts of Madagascar, which are now devoid of forests and lemurs, once hosted diverse primate communities that included more than 2. Taxonomic classification and phylogeny. From a taxonomic standpoint, the term . The term is now used in the colloquial sense in reference to all Malagasy primates. Lemur taxonomy is controversial, and not all experts agree, particularly with the recent increase in the number of recognized species. In one taxonomy, the infraorder Lemuriformes contains all living strepsirrhines in two superfamilies, Lemuroidea for all lemurs and Lorisoidea for the lorisoids (lorisids and galagos). In another taxonomy published by Colin Groves, the aye- aye was placed in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes, while the rest of the lemurs were placed in Lemuriformes and the lorisoids in Lorisiformes. Although it is generally agreed that the aye- aye is the most basal member of the lemur clade, the relationship between the other four families is less clear since they diverged during a narrow 1. Late Eocene (4. 2 mya) and into the Oligocene (3. One of the greatest challenges has been the classification of the aye- aye, which has been a topic of debate up until very recently. Until Richard Owen published a definitive anatomical study in 1. Daubentonia) was a primate, rodent, or marsupial. However, the placement of the aye- aye within the order Primates remained problematic until very recently. Based on its anatomy, researchers have found support for classifying the genus Daubentonia as a specialized indriid, a sister group to all strepsirrhines, and as an indeterminate taxon within the order Primates. Molecular tests have now shown Daubentoniidae is basal to all Lemuriformes. To further complicate the issue, several Paleogene fossil primates from outside Madagascar, such as Bugtilemur, have been classified as lemurs. Formerly grouped in the same family due to similarities in dentition, they are no longer considered to be closely related due to genetic studies. The most noticeable revisions included the gradual split of a broadly defined genus Lemur into separate genera for the ring- tailed lemur, ruffed lemurs, and brown lemurs due to a host of morphological differences. Mammal Husbandry Manuals. Age. Determination in Marsupials while still in the Pouch. Frank Wheeler (2. London Zoo, Regent's Park. London NW1 4. RY, England. Phone: + 4. 4 2. 0 7. Fax: + 4. 4 2. 0 7. EAZAMarsupial Husbandry Manual. AZAreturn. to top. Didelphidae(Opossums)Caenolestidae. Shrew Opossums)Microbiotheriidae. Monito del Monte)Thylacinidae (Thylacine - extinct)Dasyuridae(Antechinus, Quolls, Phascogales. Tasmanian Devil etc.)Tasmanian. Devil Husbandry Manual. Vanessa Scandizzo & Chris Coupland (2. Available at web site (PDF): Go here to download. Tasmanian Devil Husbandry Manual. DRAFT)ASMP M& M Tag Working. Group(2. 00. 5). ARAZPATasmanian Devil Environmental. Enrichment Plan. Mandy Smith (2. Contact me for availability. Mulgara Husbandry Guidelines. Wes Caton (2. 00. Go here to download. Red- tailed Phascogale Husbandry. Guidelines. Wes Caton (2. Go here to download. Kultarr Husbandry Guidelines. Attard, T. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (BOOK). Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (BOOK). Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne (BOOK). Henderson (2. 00. Available at web site (PDF): Go here to downloadreturn. Thylacomyidae (Bilbies)Husbandry Manual for Greater Bilby. DRAFT)Jodi Buchecker & Dr Sue Bigwood (2. Contact me for availability. Notoryctidae (Marsupial. Mole)Phascolarctidae (Koala)Koala Captive. Husbandry Guidelines. Stephen Jackson. (ed) (2. Go here to download. Australian Mammals: Biology and. Captive Management. Jackson, S., Reid, K., Spittal, D. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to order. Handraising Orphaned Koalas. Gipp, G. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to orderreturn. Phalangeridae (Possums and Cuscuses)Possums - Juvenile to Adult. Stanvic, S. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to orderreturn. Petauridae (Gliding, Ring- tailed and. Striped Possums)Mahogany Glider Husbandry Manual. Jana Whiteford & Rosie Booth (2. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Yellow- bellied Glider. Husbandry Manual. Liana Carroll (2. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Squirrel Glider Husbandry Manual. Trudgeon. Mc. Williams, & Jim Atkinson (1. Go here to download. Australian Mammals: Biology and. Captive Management. Jackson, S. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to orderreturn. Burramyidae (Pygmy Possums)Husbandry Manual for. Pygmy- possums. Forsdick, M. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to orderreturn. Potoridae (Potoroos, Rat Kangaroos &. Bettongs)Long- Nosed Potoroo Husbandry Guidelines. Marianne Freeman (2. Blackpool Zoo, East Park Drive, Blackpool, Lancashire FY3. PP, UK. EAZALong- nosed Potoroo Husbandry Manual. Piipari, L. 7. 4pp. Available at web site (PDF): Go here to download. Husbandry Manual for Yellow- footed Rock- wallaby Compiled By Heidi Groffen. Contact me for availability. Brush- tailed Rock- wallaby. Husbandry Manual David Dobroszczyk (2. Contact me for availability. Brush- tailed Rock- wallaby Husbandry Manual. Kosak, S. Steenberg and J. Blessington (eds) 3rd edition (2. Contact: Jacque Blessington. TK- SSP Coordinator. Email address. Jacsprat. AZATree Kangaroo Husbandry Manual. J. Steenberg and J. Blessington (eds) (revised 2. Contact: Jacque Blessington. TK- SSP Coordinator. Kansas City Zoological Gardens. Zoo Drive, Kansas City, MO 6. USA. Phone: + 1 8. Fax: +1 8. 16 5. 13 4. Email address. Jacsprat. Tree Kangaroo (Nutrition Chapter)Edwards, M. S. Steenberg and J. Blessington (eds) (revised 2. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Tree Kangaroo (Nutrition Chapter). Tina Mullet, Diane Yoshimi, and Judie Steenberg (1. In: Tree Kangaroo Husbandry Manual. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Matschie. 4. 30pp (BOOK). Click here to view the flyer (PDF)Australian Mammals: Biology and. Captive Management. Jackson, S. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to orderreturn. Tarsipedidae (Honey Possum)return. Pteropodidae (Old. World Fruit Bats)Fruit. Bat Husbandry Manual. AZA Bat Taxon Advisory Group (1. AZAISISFruit Bat (Nutrition Chapter)Demspey J. L. Crissey (1. 99. In: Fruit Bat. Husbandry Manual, N. Fascione, (ed). AZA Bat Taxon Advisory Group. Barnard & Nancy Sachs (1. Available at web site. Go here to download. Nectarivorous Bat. Husbandry Manual. Michel Delorme (undated). Ruppenthal & Gene P. Sackett (1. 99. 2). Available at web site. HTML); Go here to download. Occupational Primate Disease Safety. Guidelines for Zoological Institutions(2. Available at web site. HTML); Go here to download. Old World Monkey Taxon Advisory. Group Mixed Species Manual Dena Strange (2. Available at web site. PDF); Go here to downloadreturn. Cheirogaleidae (Dwarf and Mouse Lemurs)return. Daubentoniidae (Aye- ayes)Aye- aye Management Guidelines. Ziegler N. Campbell (2. In: Ring- tailed Lemur Husbandry Manual. American. Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Iron Storage Disease in Lemurs. AZA Prosimian Taxon Advisory Group (2. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Ring- tailed Lemur Nutrition. Guidelines Update. Christopher Mowry (2. Embury (1. 99. 3). Bryan Carroll (ed.) (2. Contact me for availability. Callitrichids (Nutrition Chapter)Crissey, S. D., Lintzenich, B. Slifka (1. 99. 8). Diets. for callitrichids . Bryan Carroll (ed) (2. Translated by Bd. Z: Andr. Roger Williams Park Zoo. Providence, RI, USA. Available at web site (HTML); Go here to download. Cotton- top Tamarin. Husbandry Manual(Spanish version)Savage, A. Roger Williams Park Zoo. Providence, RI, USA. Available at web site (HTML); Go here to download. Cotton- top Tamarin. Nutrition Chapter)Savage, A. Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. EAZAISISGoeldi. Teresa Abell. Field (1. 99. 5). Contact: Leslie Field. E- mail. Lfield@cityofsacramento. AZAISISLion- tailed Macaque(1. Contact: Ingrid Porton. E- mail. rufflemur@aol. AZAProboscis Monkey. Husbandry and Management of the Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis. Singapore Zoological Gardens. SEAZAOld. World Monkey Mixed Species Manual. Dena Strange (2. 00. E- mail: dstrange@houstonzoo. AZA. Hamadryas Baboon Husbandry Guidelines. Turner, L. Dierenfeld (1. In: Management of Gorillas in Captivity: Husbandry Manual,Gorilla Species Survival Plan. Ogden and D. Wharton, (eds). American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Available at web site (PDF file); Go here to download. Gorilla Husbandry Manual. Jacqueline Ogden. Dan Wharton (1. 99. Gorilla Species Survival Plan. Contact: Dan Wharton. E- mail. DWharton@wcs. ISISGorilla EEP Husbandry Guidelines. Abell. For more information contact Frank Rietkerk at. Bonobo (Nutrition Chapter)Rafert, J. Vineberg (1. 99. 7). Bonobo Nutrition . Loomis and C. Garland (1. In: The care and management of chimpanzees. Chimpanzee Species Survival Plan . Garland (eds). American. Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Chimpanzee. Husbandry Manual. Randy. Fulk & Chris Garland (eds) (1. Chimpanzee Species Survival Plan. North Carolina Zoological Park. Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC 2. USA. Phone: + 1 3. Fax: + 1 3. 36 8. AZAISISThe Care and Management of Captive. Chimpanzees. Linda Brent (ed.) (2. Published by the American Society of Primatologists. BOOK). Chimpanzee Sanctuary Manual. Debby Cox (2. 00. Written for rehab Sanctuaries, but has. Available at web site (PDF file); Go here to download(without Appendices - 1. MB)or. Go here to download(with Appendices - 2. MB)Orangutan SSP. Husbandry Manual. Carol Sodaro (ed) (revised. Available at web site (HTML); Go here to download. Orangutan SSP. Husbandry Manual. Carol Sodaro (ed) (1. Contact: Lori Perkins, Ape TAG Co- Chair/Orangutan SSP Coordinator,E- mail. Orangutan (Nutrition Chapter)Schmidt (2. Available at web site (PDF file); Go here to download. Orangutan (Nutrition Chapter)Dierenfeld, E. S. Sodaro (ed). Orangutan SSP and Brookfield. Zoo, Brookfield, Illinois, USA. Available at web site (PDF file); Go here to download. Orangutan Guidelines. Leif Cocks (2. 00. Guidelines for the Housing and. Management of Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abeli)Go here to download. Facility Requirements for. Orang- utans: A resource guide. ASMP Primate TAG (2. Go here to download. The Transportation of Orangutans: Problems and Protocols. Leif Cocks & John Collier (undated). Contact me for availability. Orang utans: Distribution, species status and. EEP management, the. C. Bemment & M. Pilgrim. (2. 00. 8). EAZAGuideline on the Hand- Rearing and. Early Integration of Infant Apes N. Holst. M. Vermeer (2. EAZAreturn. to top. Aplodontidae (Mountain. Beaver)return. to top. Gliridae (Dormice)Husbandry & Pathology of Rodents &. Lagomorphs in Swiss Zoos. P. Dollinger, R. Baumgartner, E. Weber (1. 99. 9). Available at web site (PDF); Go here to downloadreturn. Sciuridae (Squirrels. Chipmunks, Marmots, Prairie Dogs)Scuirid Minimum Husbandry. Guidelines (AZA)Karl Kranz (1. Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, 3. West Girard Ave.. Philadelphia. PA 1. USA. AZARed Squirrels Management Guidelines. Peter Dickinson (2. Contact me for availability. Husbandry & Pathology of Rodents &. Lagomorphs in Swiss Zoos. P. Dollinger, R. Baumgartner, E. Weber (1. 99. 9). Available at web site (PDF); Go here to downloadreturn. Geomyidae (Pocket Gophers)Heteromyidae (Pocket Mice. Kangaroo Rats/Mice)Diatomyidae (Laotian Rock Rat)return. Castoridae (Beavers)Beaver Husbandry Manual. AZAHusbandry & Pathology of Rodents &. Lagomorphs in Swiss Zoos. P. Dollinger, R. Baumgartner, E. Weber (1. 99. 9). Available at web site (PDF); Go here to downloadreturn. Anomaluridae (Scaly- tailed. Squirrels)return. Pedetidae (Springhare)Springhaas - Zoo Standards for. Keeping in Captivity. Edward W. Laird (undated)Available at web site (PDF); Go here to download. Husbandry & Pathology of Rodents &. Lagomorphs in Swiss Zoos. P. Dollinger, R. Baumgartner, E. Weber (1. 99. 9). Available at web site (PDF); Go here to downloadreturn. Muridae (True mice &. Rats, Gerbils, Spiny Mice, Crested Rat)Australian Mammals: Biology and. Captive Management. Jackson, S. Jackson (ed.)CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne. BOOK). Go here to order.
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